When Did the U.S. Deploy Troops to Vietnam

Under the authority of  President Lyndon B. Johnson, the United States first deployed troops to Vietnam in 1965 in response to the Gulf of Tonkin Incident of August 2 and 4, 1964. On March 8, 1965, 3,500 U.S. Marines landed near Da Nang in South Vietnam, thereby escalating the  Vietnam Conflict  and marking the United States first action of the subsequent Vietnam War. The Gulf of Tonkin Incident During August of 1964, two separate confrontations occurred between Vietnamese  and American forces in the waters of the Gulf of Tonkin  that became known as the Gulf of Tonkin (or USS Maddox) Incident. Initial reports from the United States blamed North Vietnam for the incidents, but controversy has since arisen over whether or not the conflict was a deliberate act by U.S. troops to instigate a response. The first incident occurred on August 2, 1964. Reports claim that while performing a patrol for enemy signals, the destroyer ship USS Maddox was pursued by three North Vietnamese torpedo boats from the 135th Torpedo Squadron of the Vietnam Navy. The U.S. destroyer fired three warning shots and the Vietnam fleet returned torpedo and machine gun fire. In the subsequent sea battle, Maddox used over 280 shells. One U.S. aircraft and three Vietnam torpedo boats were damaged and four Vietnamese  sailors were reported to have been killed with over six more reported as injured. The U.S. reported no casualties and the Maddox was relatively undamaged with the exception of a single bullet hole. On August 4, 1964, a separate incident was filed wherein the National Security Agency claimed the U.S. fleet was again pursued by torpedo boats, though later reports revealed that the incident was merely a reading of false radar images and not an actual conflict. The Secretary of Defense at the time, Robert S. McNamara, admitted in a 2003 documentary entitled The Fog of War  that the second incident never occurred. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Also known as the Southeast Asia Resolution, the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (Public Law 88-40, Statute 78, Pg 364) was drafted by Congress in response to the two attacks on U.S. Navy ships in the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. Proposed and approved on August 7, 1964, as a joint resolution by Congress, the resolution was enacted on August 10. The resolution carries historical significance because it authorized President Johnson to use conventional military force in Southeast Asia without officially declaring war. Specifically, it authorized the use of whatever force necessary to assist any member of the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty (or Manilla Pact) of 1954. Later, Congress under President Richard Nixon would vote to repeal the Resolution, which critics claimed gave the president a blank check to deploy troops and engage in foreign conflicts without officially declaring war. The Limited War in Vietnam President Johnsons plan for Vietnam hinged on keeping U.S. troops south of the demilitarized zone separating North and South Korea. In this way, the U.S. could lend aid to Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) without getting too involved. By limiting their fight to South Vietnam, U.S. troops would not risk more lives with a ground assault on North Korea or interrupt the Viet Congs supply path running through Cambodia and Laos. Repealing The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution and the End of Vietnam War It wasnt until rising opposition (and many protests) domestically in the United States and Nixons election in 1968 that the U.S. was able to finally begin pulling troops back from the Vietnam conflict and shift control back to South Korea for war efforts. Nixon signed the Foreign Military Sales Act of January 1971 abolishing the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. To further limit presidential powers to make military actions without directly declaring war, Congress proposed and passed the War Powers Resolution of 1973 (despite a veto from President Nixon). The War Powers Resolution requires the President to consult Congress in any matter where the U.S. hopes to engage in hostilities or may possibly yield hostilities because of their actions abroad. The resolution is still in effect today. The United States pulled its final troops from South Vietnam in 1973. The South Vietnam government surrendered in April 1975, and on July 2, 1976, the country officially united and became the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

The Glass Ceiling and the Wage Gap Essay - 1984 Words

Women face many obstacles as they climb their career’s hierarchy and for many different reasons their wage is comparably less than that of males. After the movements toward equality in the workplace, many think that sex discrimination isn’t present anymore. However, many still believe that the glass ceiling hasn’t shattered and still possesses a barrier for many women in the labor force. The glass ceiling and the wage gap exist for various reasons but, like many other women leaders, women can break the glass and abolish the gap. INTRODUCTION The glass ceiling is defined as the â€Å"unseen, yet unbreachable barrier that keeps†¦ women from rising to the upper rungs of the corporate ladder, regardless of their qualifications or achievements.†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦In the law field, women â€Å"attorneys earn 80.5 cents for every dollar earned by their male counterparts.† In the medical field, â€Å"female physicians and surgeons earn 64.4 cents on the dollar.† In retail, females earn â€Å"70.6 cents for every dollar earned by† male counterparts. Females in full-time managerial positions â€Å"earn 81 cents for every dollar earned by their male manager peers† and â€Å"female truck drivers earn†¦ 76.4 cents on the dollar.† The remaining money from the female-male wage gap â€Å"may attribute to discriminatory practices.† The differences in income exist but â€Å"women work close to two-thirds of the world’s work hours [and] earn only one-tenth of t he world’s income† (Graham 148). Equality â€Å"for both sexes is still somewhat elusive at home† (146). In the United States, â€Å"women make up more than 50 percent of the population† but there are only â€Å"20 women in the Senate [out of 100 Senators] and 79 women in the House of Representatives [out of 435 Representatives]† with no female President and only one â€Å"vice presidential candidate, Geraldine Ferraro, in 1984† (146-147). ThoughShow MoreRelatedGender Inequality in Workforce904 Words   |  4 Pagesand Sharp 2005). But still gender inequality has been ongoing debate in the workforce for many years (Lannin 2009). Many people argue that there are inequality in earnings and glass ceiling (ibid.). Therefore, this essay will analyze the gender inequality in the Australian workforce and it will also suggest solutions. Wage Discrimination There is no doubt that income inequality has increased in the last two decades (Hiau 2005). According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS, Cat 6203.0) showedRead MoreWomen Workers In Society Have Been And Still Are Deemed1636 Words   |  7 Pagesmen or experience the ‘glass ceiling’ effect, women are forced into education or domestic responsibility and are seen to pursue in feminized or feminine sectors of the workforce (Cool, J, 2010). Thus saying, I argue this thinking is validated thorough the practices of gender inequality, most importantly thorough the existence of the gender wage gap. The gender wage gap is defined as â€Å"the gap between the median wages for men and women. The gap between men s and women’s wages exists in nearly everyRead MoreGender Gap Between The Workforce And Affects A Large Group Of Individuals942 Words   |  4 Pages Historically, discussions concerning wage gaps have been highly controversial. However, many agree that t he underlying issue exists within the workforce and affects a large group of individuals. Without weighing in factors such as visible minorities, race, ethnic background, and familial status, the wage gap exists among full-time workers where women are paid 79% of their counterpart. Therefore, this topic is important to employers and employees. Firstly, all employees deserve equal benefits forRead MoreThe Gender Differences Of The United States Work Force1721 Words   |  7 Pages21st century, yet it’s the ugly truth. A gender gap is created due to differences in authority, pay, and promotion. Research shows us that economic variations exist and, through past cases we see that even though it has been twenty-five years that Title VII has passed; segregation ceases to exist. Coined by Hymowitz and Schellhardt in the Wall Street Journal more than twenty years ago, the barriers women face in the workplace earned the term â€Å"glass ceiling,† continues to exist in U.S. la bor. It is importantRead MoreGender Inequality Within The Workplace1379 Words   |  6 Pageshormonal differences. There is a natural difference also in the relative physical strengths of the sexes. In the workplace Income disparities linked to job stratification Wage discrimination exists when workers are equally qualified and perform the same work but one group of workers is paid more than another. Historically, wage discrimination has favored men over similarly qualified women. Income disparity between genders stems from processes that determine the quality of jobs and earnings associatedRead MoreEssay on Gender Inequality in the Workplace1247 Words   |  5 Pagescountries where â€Å"machismo† is part of the culture. Women and men should be given the same kind of job without any discriminatory distinction, and the same average wage for the same comparable job; because even though it complies with the civil right of every individual male or female, it gives place to more development and shrinks even less the wage gap in society. 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Both create income inequality for women and affect their American Dream. There is a long history of women having to deal with the â€Å"Glass Ceiling†. Over time woman have made progress but more progress is needed to make thing s equal. Women suffer from income inequality because of the â€Å"Glass Ceiling† and wag gap, thus going againstRead MoreGender Inequality During World War II1686 Words   |  7 Pagesthe military. Women took over the civilian jobs but earned less than men for the same work. Unions were formed because of worrisome men who thought women in the labor field would replace them because of the lower earnings received by women or their wage would be lowered (â€Å"Equal Pay Act of 1963†, 2015). Therefore, the Equal Pay Act of 1963 was signed by President John F. Kennedy on June 10, 1963, to keep the business community at peace. In regards to the Equal Pay Act, The U.S. Equal Employment OpportunityRead MoreThe Glass Ceiling And Gender Gap Between Men And Women771 Words   |  4 Pagesare able to outperform their competitors on every measure of profitability and growth (Hoobler et al. 2016; Cook Glass, 2014). However, the overall scenario is not encouraging, and the women are still widely struggling to represent themselves in corporate leadership. Less than 5% of the 1,000 major U.S. organizations have female CEOs (Forbes.com, 2016). Moreover, the glass ceiling (a barrier that restricts women from moving up in the corporate hierarchy to the management and executive roles) and

American Poet Essay Example For Students

American Poet Essay Two Scavengers in a Truck, Two Beautiful People in a Mercedes a poem by American poet, Lawrence Fernlinghetti. In this poem, he showed an insignificant, everyday incident a meeting of a garbage truck and an elegant open Mercedes to make reader think about the important issue of the differences between social classes.  Two pairs of people meet together in downtown San Francisco as they were stopped by a red traffic light. The poem describes their meeting: Two garbage men are returning from their work, all dirty and grungy and an elegant young couple, perfectly clean on their way to work. Fernlinghetti by using colours, an extended metaphor and vivid descriptions emphasis as the huge social gap between these two pairs who normally would not meet in everyday life but have been brought together by this incident. We will write a custom essay on American Poet specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The garbage truck is bright yellow and garbage men wear red plastic blazer and here Fernlinghetti uses primary colours to show simplicity of garbage mens work. The material which is used for mens clothing suggests they clothing is cheap and uncomfortable. The first man is an old man with grey iron hair, a hunched back and gargoyle appearance. Fernlinghetti names this old guy Quasimodo to illustrate his appearance as it is a reference to a well-known story about Notre Dames bell-ringer. The second garbage men is a young man with long hair and sunglasses. The elegant Mercedes is driven by a young man, about the same age as the younger scavenger and he also has long hair and wears sunglasses. In addition he wears a hip three-piece linen suit. Lien is a comfortable, expensive material and is used to show the wealth of this man. A young blonde woman sitting in the Mercedes is causally coifed and wears a short skirt with coloured stockings. Fernlinghetti shows the reader the huge contrast in the standard of living between these two couples and way that they live. All four live in the same city but are worlds apart, however, they still rely on each other. Without garbage men, an elegant couple would live in an environment surrounded by large amounts of waste. Without the elegant couple, garbage men would have no people to work for. The expression describing blonde women as casually coifed is an oxymoron. Coifed suggests a hairdresser spent long hours on creating hair so stylish to make young woman stand out even if wearing casual skirt with coloured stockings. The hardness of garbage mens life style is suggested by referring them to two scavengers. Fernlinghetti also creates an enormous contrast by comparing the older scavengers grey iron hair with the perfect hair of the young woman. Also, the gargoyle Quasimodo appearance of older garbage men shows his ugliness and contrasts with the womans beauty. He continues the comparisons between two couples and now Fernlinghetti develops the similarities between the younger scavenger and the Mercedess driver. Both are wearing sunglasses, long hair and want to be fashionable but that is all they have in common.  As the garbage men glaze down at the cool couple they dream about: wealth, having a fashionable life style and driving a Mercedes. They are probably convinced that they will never be like the young couple and can only dream, in the words of Fernlinghetti: as if they were watching some odorless TV ad. However the Mercedes couple continue to ignore garbage men: they mean nothing to them and are not a In the last part of poem, Lawrence Fernlinghetti develops an extended metaphor and compares the world to a sea and the social gap between two couples to a small gulf. He does so to set blame on the ideas on democracy and the government for expanding the social gap rather than closing it.  Two Scavengers in a Truck, Two Beautiful People in a Mercedes was written to make his readers think about their own lives and their own role in the society. Lawrence Fernlinghettis writing skill allowed him to turn an everyday lifes incident into a thought-provoking short poem.